Dr.Hector Angles Vargas
GENERALITIES
Cusco is only, different city to how many they exist in the world, so much in the physical appearance, like in the social; It is carved in diorita, andesite, basalt and calcareous rock; His ecological proper expressions are peculiar being once considerable altitude was enchased on the Andes. She changes but does not age, comes since the night of the times and she is not grandmother, he does not have signs of senility neither decrepitude, he is always young. It is the Peruvian nationality's cradle, here the Peru was born and the Fatherland with Manco Cápac and Pachacútec were founded; Independentista in relation to the Hispanic invasion, with Inca Manco in 1536 struck up the first war itself here; At this zone he started up her definite War of Independence of the Peru, with the forerunner Tupac Amaru. Of Pachacútec Clement Markham, being the greatest man that has produced the aboriginal American race says.
Cusco, it was born wrapped-up in mystery, there far away in millennia that they dissolve in Prehistory, he emerged haloed of heroic outskirts, the aureole hits of poetry that he keeps on emerging of his distant snow-white summits, of his limpid waters streams, of his greens slopes, of the intense blue of his sky. She is escorted in the Great Bear by the mountain range of perpetual snows of the Salkantay, the bigger top catches up with the 6264 m.s.n.m.; And in the south, for the Ausangate, with 6384 m.s.n.m. The present-day Cusco comes from painting, his streets are living collections of samples where they walk unrestricted centuries; Here past tenses become present-day in the black eyes of the natives, in their bronze muscles, in their dresses and habits, in the soft trotting of the farm workers to the way out of his districts, behind sprightly flames, to enter reverent to the Jatun ( Hatun ) Qosqo or Gran Cusco, his forefathers's sacred city.
In the Cusco they juxtapose the Inca palaces and blazoned colonial big houses of enormous covers, patios and arcades; She is the city of baroque bell towers that display his slenderness in inexpressible contrasts of light and shades, in the lukewarm dawns and in dusks. The tourists in his friendly pilgrimage, they say to receive the mysterious message of the past and the positive print influence tellurian, when reverent they photograph in their pupils, miraculous ensamblamiento's lithic polyhedrons.
GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATES And ALTITUDE. THE LAKE MORKILL
The Cusco's City is to the 13°30'45 of southern latitude, and to the 71°58'33 of length west as from the meridian of Greenwich; He locates himself in the central part of the department of the same name, in the Peru. Your altitude corresponds to 3390 m.s.n.m.
In recent times of the Periodo Pleistocénico of the present-day Quaternary Era or Antropozoica, you will do one hundred thousand years, these grounds were a long so-called today's bed Morkill, by and large it had circular form and spread out for the southeast to the place that today you call Narrowness, precisely for the angostamiento of the Valley of the Watanay; In the same direction you continued another lake to the present-day Kunturqaqa, a kilometer below Oropesa's locality; The third successive lake, era Muyuna ( some chronicles tell Muyna ), present-day Wakarpay and Lucre, to 30 km. from the Cusco's city, the place that still splits preserve of that lake, is Wakarpayo Huacarpay's Lagoon precisely.
CUSCO, THE LIVING CITY More ANCIENT OF AMERICA
A millennium ago, the grounds that today give seat to the Cusco's city, were dwelling of important developing nations, than with running of the centuries the fabulous capital city of the Inca empire, center and worldly navel constituted tawantinsuyano, one of them plus important metropolises of the America India, than without solution of continuity subsist as of today, with sweeping changes in the ways of life, but unbroken history's thread, therefore the city is living more ancient of the American continent.
At the present-day Cusco's main plaza they exhibit foundations and good Qasana's portion, palace than out of the Inca Pachakuteq. At the same plaza, corner with the street I Succeed and the Portal of Bethlehem, the walls of extraordinary and miraculous texture, with convex edge are and tilted inwards Jatun Cancha was the palace ( Hatun Kancha ) that it belonged to Inca Yupanqui. Is the street Inti K'iqllu or Loreto Quicllo that you join the same plaza with the Qorikancha; Is Santa Catalina and street Arequipa with enormous ancient walls ( in height and length ). And that way, at the whole city and surroundings the beautiful edifications are present ancient and on them, the colonial stage's arrogant constructions. The present-day Cusco's quarter million inhabitants, live in these grounds and in his houses gotten pregnant of history, spaces that never were uninhabited.
They exist in the areas Mayan and Aztec enormous ancient cities, the archeological, colossal architectonic monuments like Teotihuacan, Uxmal, Mayapán, Chitchen Itzá are compound and other ones many, the fact that they cause admiration and they are tourists' panacea and scholars, but are metropolitan entities without human present-day life. The great Mexico City, the one belonging to the beautiful palaces and pre-Columbian temples, he no longer is, he was destroyed by abuse and Hernán Cortés's and your followers' voracity; The area I settle hoyes of modern and enormous metropolis with over twenty two million inhabitants.
THE AYAR, MIGRATION and ITINERARY
At the height of the XIth centuries or XII d.J, the geological cup or the Cusco's valley was inhabited by several nations, they were the Sawasira, Antasaya, Walla, Alqawisa, Copalimayta and Culimchima. From the Lago Chukuytu's or Titicaca's island, as the story goes, the children of the sun, Manco Cápac and Mama Ocllo, toward the Great Bear and reamanecieron in Pacárectambo to 50 km. advanced more or less and south of the Cusco's city. Here the legend goes taking from body history and explains than the Ayar brothers ( one of them was Manco Cápac ), jefaturando ten nations or tribes, they were step by step migrando towards the north and in some more twenty years they got to the Cusco's valley, they fought with their residents, they expired and they took possession, founding the Inca empire and your capital Cusco.
Ayar Manco got married to the single start of the migration as from Pacárectambo, era, at the trajectory of Waynakancha's locality with Mama Ocllo, later on, in Tanpukiru them junior nacióun to the one that they called Sinchi Roqa, they all passed Yauriski and Pallata where they lived to a ripe old age; Migration continued and Wanakauri and surroundings arrived at the hill and at Matao's locality or Matagua went through the ceremony of the warachikuy with Sinchi Roqa, that is, they declared it apt for the war and the procreation. They all moved up to Guanaypata, Qollqapanpa and Wamantianqa ( Sañu's Sector, present-day San Sebastián's district ) and allíSinchi Roqa got married with Mama Kuka, villager, the kuraka's daughter ( the documents written by Spaniards tell headman that they perceived the diction of the Caribbean space ) Sutiq Waman. There Mama Kuka gave birth to a little boy that they called Sapaka to. Conclusion: The one-handed person Cápac ( Manku Qápaq ) to the start of migration was single and when they arrived to the Cusco ( distant only of fifty and so many km. ) he already was grandfather.
THE INCARIO Or INCANATO
Stage of life of the towns is ultimate prepizarrianos, approximately of only three centuries of duration; He starts up with Manco Cápac's and his people's arrival to the Cusco's geological cup; Nations or tribes that populated her were calling her Akjha Mama, or Madre Nice; Next Manco divided the zone at four neighborhoods, Qenti kancha or field fenced of the hummingbird, Chumbi kancha or field fenced of tobacco, and Yarambuy or Yarambay kancha. At last, they called Qosqo to the metropolis that was born, ( Cusco in your form put into Spanish ) in order to be stony zone and to be also the center or the Inca culture's navel. The incanato fell under with the Spanish's arrival, that they entered in Cusco in 1533.
The empire begins with Manco Cápac and no with Pachacútec, as some, because Manco made war, believe submitted all the nations that neighbored with your controls, you imposed religion, language, plus his techniques and uses, it concentrated to can in his panaca and in his person and you initiated the territorial expansion this way and that, that they are characteristic than what empire is called ( some call the stage imperialistly of expansion ).
The Incas culturally did not begin of zero, on the contrary, they are the sum of techniques and knowledge accumulated by many nations that evolved in millennia, occupying grounds than in our epoch they correspond to the Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombian southwest, Argentine north more north and Chilean center. They were the sublimated synthesis to trigger of hundreds of nations, with command centralized by the lineage of noblemen or panacas cusqueñas collectively. The Inca society perceived all the good thing that was known, you understood knowledge, you surpassed techniques of production.
The Incas modulated the most perfect social organization, without hungry persons neither idlers, your policy was far-sighted and wise, the deposits of foods ( piwakuna, qolqakuna ) always proveídos were; This order allowed them venturing permanently into the war, with a lot of success.
THE "DIVINE" SPANIARDS
From before his arrival the European impressed Cajamarca, the Spanish strongly in the mind of the natives, for their arrogance, weapons, horses, techniques and uses, then, they lived the Iron Age, while the towns of high culture of the America India ( Mayas, Aztecas, Chibchas and Incas ) almost lived the Bronze Age in medium development. This motivated that the amazed natives rated themselves and try like gods, they were planning to be the Spanish the god Illa Teqsi Wiraqocha. That's why, the conquest of the ground and the people proved to be easy tahuantinsuyanos. T'itu Atauchi, brother of Atahuallpa, under instructions of this, you proclaimed them divine, at a locality before Cajamarca; Atahuallpa shortly afterwards ratified such quality.
Pizarro and your crews imprisoned the Inca Atahuallpa in Cajamarca on November 15, 1532, extorted him and blackmailed with the story of your freedom, getting fabulous gold quantity and silver. In order that the Inca rescued his freedom, they sent five mixed delegations to five different parts of the empire to lighten the shipments of treasures ( native and Spanish captains ), the delegation to the Cusco was shaped by Martín Bueno, Moguer's, some Zárate's Pedro and a black slave, departed from Cajamarca on February 15, 1533, in a certain amount of a month he was in Cusco. These Spaniards to be considered divine, they were once the natives were led through, in hammocks on the way out, and getting to the Inca capital city, in pallets, no them allowing to him stepping on the ground. They served the purpose and they returned with a lot of gold and silver to Cajamarca.
The Spanish killed Atahuallpa in July 1533 and undertook parade toward the great Inca capital city, the Cusco.
THE SPANISH IN THE CUSCO
The invaders without a lot of danger, they advanced South and the 7 or November 8 the same year 1533, we have them right now campping to the Cusco's, Rímak's 12 leagues tanpu ( File bin in his form put into Spanish ), and they raised the slope from there and at the height of the so-called clearing in the woods Willka ( name once Vilcaconga was adulterated or simply Huillque ) they were kunka surprised for troops atahuallpistas or Quito that they caused 5 falls to them, they died: Hernando of Toro, Miguel Ruiz, Francisco Martín, Juan Alonso and some Marquina, a lot of horses were killed also.
Continuing journey they turned over the clearing in the woods toward that hoyes the occidental part of Anta's Pampa, getting close to the Cusco, qhawana ( diction corrupted to Jaquijahuana ), city that soon disappeared for the intemperismo and the peoples' depredatory action led K'aqya's Inca city. There days were for injuries cracking. The November 10 himself presentóánte Pizarro, the warrior Chillche, expressing that originally the captain of the nation was great kañari ( present-day Ecuador ) but than beaten definitively for Huayna Cápac ( Wayna Qhápaq ) you were somehow like boss of the aforementioned Inca's Imperial Guard; Than dead person the Inca, your children buried themselves in a civil war, next they arrived and the Spanish conquered, and the great strategist could not remain like simple runic, and that for that reason he got to Pizarro's orders. The Governor some time afterwards in gratitude to your valuable services you put your name on him, it proved to be Francisco Chillche.
On the following day, November 11 showed at Pizarro's, a nobleman's campsite cusqueño that Inca Manco said to be itself, Huáscar's brother yAtahuallpa and the great Huayna Cápac's son, and ( boss advanced in years ) the Hispanic apu got equally to the machu's orders. The one-handed person and Chillche were received with singular rejoicing for the Spanish.
The day November 3 the Spanish burn alive in Jaquijahuana to the Quito Challcuchimac, to ingratiate oneself with the cusqueños, with Inca Manco's absolute approval, then, made only two years Challcuchimac and Quisquis had taken the Cusco, accomplishing frightening carnage in offense of nobility cusqueña, killing of the one that by chance you saved Inca Manco and some little bits.
The 14 one belonging to the same November, the Spanish advanced to a distant locality only a league of the Cusco that they called Poroy to ( you are enough for the time being ) and that during morning hours they entered the November 15 to at the Inca capital city, arranging for entrance to the great capital city, place without that nobody harass them, for Karminqa's neighborhood ( present-day Santa Ana ), going down the little street that the name of Conquest has taken, next Saphy and the main plaza. They took possession of palaces and of the whole territory.
Pizarro crowned like new Inca Inca Manco to make the Spanish administration easy. The enthusiastic one-handed person chased to the Quito Apu Kiskis that jefaturando harassed the Spanish, to K'api ( at Paruro's present-day province ), to cavalry's body ( What an irony!). The Quito waged war against the Christians after these gave their king death, Atahuallpa.
DEMAND and REQUEST
The brutal procedure of seizing of natives and your lands in America, you raised a lot of and important voices of protest in Europe, that denied the legitimacy of the Spanish invasion. For fmgir dwindling that raw deal, the Spanish court generated the so-called masquerade DEMAND And REQUEST, the fact that it consisted in than soldiers conquerors, before Indians' killings, they invited them peacefully to leave their paganism and to recognize the Spanish king's authority. And we say masquerade, because the discourses said in the ceremonies of the request and Requerimiento, they were not knowing neither included by the natives; The Spanish are interested in the minutes that they raised and they sent Spain, justifying the wars of invasion and extermination, in order to be proficient in the disputes that they provoked.
That way it happened in Cusco to justify Cajamarca's killings and others; At the height of the Christmas of 1533, Pizarro convoked his soldiers, more to Inca Manco and his retinue of natives, to a ceremony that realized at the main plaza, Pizarro occupied the main vantage point, to Manco they seated him almost in a stool ( I settle wooden, uncouth man without support ), there the Governor spoke in friendly tone referring to cusqueños's alliance and Christians to fight against the common enemy, the Quito; In your allocution, you vibrated in praises to his God, to the Pope and to the Spanish King, you indicated that the natives' vassalage determined through the ritual of the request and the Request, of the one you sat of minutes for Pedro Sancho of the Sickle itself. Once the One-Handed ritual for invitation of the Christians was concluded you hoisted and you trembled the flag of Castile, proposing ' Spanish subordinate, with a lot of approval. Pizarro believed in Manco's, this request without understanding effusively and the request of submission looked infinitely happy.
The one-handed person ordered his subordinates, that of the whole empire the gold objects and silver destined to the Inca cult transferred the Cusco. The treasures were going arriving and placing themselves in the plaza Rímaq panpa, the stock and the foundry to turn the objects into coins lasted for 4 months to March 1534, melting was made by Inca goldsmiths, the bookkeeper were supervised for Aliaga's Jerónimo like inspector, Antonio Navarro, Pedro Sancho court clerk and entrusted with Candia's Pedro the check marks.
THE SPANISH FOUNDATION OF THE CUSCO CITY
We make out a score of dates and events, in order to locate us in time, saying is of value, at the time corresponding to the Spanish foundation of the city.
The Spanish Reina Juana, on behalf of your son Carlos 1, and of Government of your country, at Toledo's city, you signed the Capitulations that granted authorization to Francisco Pizarro to go along the campaigns of discovery and conquest. These Capitulations of Toledo, underwriters in July 26, 1529, they named Pizarro Gobernador and Field Marshal of the New Castile, primitive name of the Peru. We remembered they called Capitulations to the contracts or concerts that you signed the crown, with individuals, to accomplish campaigns of conquest and discovery. The crown protected such individuals, the campaigns were coming true under the Spanish flag, the individuals contributed their moneys, got people, weapons and supplies, were risking his lives and were taking a chance. The territories and the natives belonged to the crown. He conferred the crown to titles and honors the adventurers.
. By virtue of those Capitulations, the Governor recruited people, compromised and brought America to your brothers Hernando, Gonzalo and Juan Pizarro and to your Alcántara's half brother by same mother Martín; More to a hundred hired adventurers. At the end of December 1530, they were ready in Panama to split the Peru, 180 infantry's soldiers and 20 mounted; The armed retinue with elements gotten in the West Indies and Panama had grown. Days after undertook journey by sea toward the Peru.
The November 15, 1532, we have Pizarro and to your people entering in Cajamarca ( Inca city located in the Northerner saw of the Peru ); There ahead of the game and they gave treachery to unmotivated death about five to seven thousand natives, they captured the Inca Atahuallpa and one proceeded to the seizing of as much as they found treasure, and to the abuse in offense of native noble women and other ones. After death gave months itself to the Inca.
. It was necessary to get constituted at the imperial capital city, at the great city of the sun. As we have seen, the Spanish without war in Cusco, the November 15, 1533 entered.
Now then, keeping on with chronological sequence, we have that Pizarro indicated date for the Cusco's Spanish foundation, you corresponded to the Monday March 23, 1534. Pizarro tapped as a representative of the Spanish King, like Caballero of the Order of Santiago, your servant and vassal, Field Marshal and Gobernador of these your reynos of the New Castile. The Spanish's presence saying that they drew the city from the Cusco, of captivity in which the Quito that necessity was had her to impose the Catholic faith for praise and Jesucristo's service justifies the minutes; That the city was founded because it was convenient to take a seat at the place, in order to be good land, fertile valley of maintenances in between two rivers, to have good- water sources near, with mountain to extract firewood and pasture land to bring up cattles and lagoons of fisheries, to have all around a lot of houses of deposits and gentlemen's houses and buildings of stonework, depopulated and ownerless to take out into not much coast and out-of-work, wood and stones for houses of the Spanish. As it is appreciated, for the Christians, whatever you existed at Peruvian grounds, they did not have owner, such comes off from the text of the foundation of the Cusco.
That way he went, he got ready in between the Incas' great plaza, that should have been somehow like a little platform, with to till, on her a pillory steps of stone non-finished. Once the Monday was received March 23, 1534, Pizarro and his people accomplished the ceremony and diligences of possession, the Governor took out a dagger that he took in the belt and with him he tilled a pillory's wooden knot, as part of the attitudes that the posesionamiento and the foundation rated, he said the ritual appropriate words, expressing that he made foundation of the city in the presence of witnesses, on behalf of the Spanish King, laying eggs to him for name: The CUZCO's VERY NOBLE And GREAT CITY.
Immediately afterwards, the Governor indicated place and building lot for the Church on the natives' building leaving for the lead of the a the plaza desta city and on both sides two public streets. The future church would be built under Our Lady's invocation of the Annunciation ( or of Conception ). In the same act, Pizarro indicated limits and terms of the city, convoked the witnesses of foundation and ordered to proclaim in public at the plaza, the foreigners' settlement.
The soldier acted as Secretario Pedro Sánchez of the Sickle, went he who wrote up the minutes, putting on record that some neighbors were not present at the place to find themselves at call, but that they let somebody can enough. They were 88 the Spanish named in the minutes, constituted in first founding neighbors.
This foundation made on the enormous Inca, populated and living city, legal effects were become to get. |
